How Is Leisure Related to Wellbeing and to Substance Use? The Probable Key Role of Autonomy and Supervision.

The present research is based on a large and representative national survey and intends to analyse the correlation of several leisure activities with risk, and with health and well-being outcomes. This work is part of the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study, a collaborative WHO international study that aims to explore the school-aged children behaviour regarding health and risk behaviours in their life contexts. Participants were 8215 Portuguese adolescents, randomly chosen from those attending the 6th, 8th, 10th and 12th grades in 2018. The sample included 52.7% of girls and the mean age was 14.36 years old. Descriptive and comparative analyses were performed (ANOVAS and Chi-Square). The results of the present study suggested that several leisure activities, namely sports and social engagement activities (politic involvement and participation, religious activities, scouting and volunteer work), are associated with the adolescents' well-being and life satisfaction. However, these types of activities can also be associated with an increase in substance use. However, some activities are also associated with risky behaviour. Identifying activities that promote well-being in young people can be important for professionals, families and public policies.

Health risk behaviors before and during COVID-19 and gender differences.

Changes in routines and habits, fear of contamination from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) virus, and economic crisis have resulted in significant impacts upon individuals' lives, health, and risk behaviors. The present study aims to analyze health risk behaviors and gender differences of Portuguese adults before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. A quantitative analysis using SPSS v. 26 software presents the evaluation of 5746 responses (M = 48.5 years, SD = 14.3), of which 67.7% were female. t Test was used to study differences in means before and during the pandemic and analysis of variance test to analyze gender differences. In the comparative study before and during the pandemic showed a decrease in the number of meals per day, physical activity and perception of sleep quality; an increase in tobacco use, beer consumption, and media use (TV, mobile phone, social networks, and online games). Gender differences study demonstrated that the number of meals per day suffered a decrease from pre to pandemic in women, while increasing in men, becoming prominent in the second moment under study. Both genders had an increase in consumption behaviors and substance use, but women revealed a decrease in the consumption of wine during the pandemic, while men revealed more consumption behaviors in the variables under study. The use of media also changed, with men showing a higher level in TV hours per day, social networks and online games before the pandemic and in TV hours per day and games/online during the pandemic. Women stand out in the use of mobile phone per day during the pandemic. Daily physical activity decreased during the pandemic, as did sleep quality. Males revealed a higher practice of physical activity at both periods, as well as sleep quality. Based on the results presented, it is expected that considerations and actions in the scope of public health policies and health prevention and promotion, will be rethought and adapted to the specificities of each gender.

Positive Youth Development and Wellbeing: Gender Differences.

The five C's of positive youth development (PYD) (competence, confidence, character, caring, and connection) have been associated with adaptive development among young people. Gender differences in young people's wellbeing and mental health have been studied and analyzed, but the investigation into their association with the five C's is still in its infancy. In the present study, we analyzed the influence of the five C's on the wellbeing, more specifically, anxiety, social alienation, general wellbeing, physical symptoms, and psychological symptoms, of Portuguese adolescents, by gender. Participants were 5th-12th grade students attending public schools in Lisbon, Portugal. The questionnaire was administered to 384 adolescents. The results indicated important gender differences in young people's wellbeing. The results revealed some differences between genders that should be considered in interventions that aim to promote the wellbeing of adolescents. On the other hand, confidence was positively associated with mental health and wellbeing for both boys and girls, skill should be promoted among young people, because it was competence that revealed the greatest association with wellbeing, among the variables analyzed.

The Association Between the 5Cs and Anxiety-Insights From Three Countries: Portugal, Slovenia, and Spain.

Several of the most frequent psychological difficulties in childhood and adolescence are related to anxiety and lead to numerous short- and long-term negative outcomes in emotional, social, and academic domains. Empirical evidence consistently shows that the 5Cs (competence, caring, confidence, connection, and character) of Positive Youth Development (PYD) are positively related to adolescents' contribution to self, family, and society as well as negatively related to risky behaviors and emotional difficulties, such as anxiety. Thus, the PYD can be one of the models that informs prevention programs. To provide contextualized, data-driven support for prevention efforts, we have analyzed the predictive value of the 5Cs for anxiety and anxiety dimensions using three different convenience youth samples from Portugal (N = 384, 46.6% female), Slovenia (N = 449, 69% females), and Spain (N = 768; 60.5% females). To assess the 5Cs, we used the same short form of the PYD scale in all samples (Geldhof et al., 2013) and different anxiety measures across samples: the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) in Portugal, the Lestvica anksioznosti za otroke in mladostnike anxiety scale (LAOM) in Slovenia and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) in Spain. The findings show significant associations of PYD and anxiety across all three contexts with all three different anxiety measures used. The associations vary across countries emphasizing the need to further research the role of contexts in anxiety prevention. Despite variations the results do indicate that connection is negatively associated with anxiety in all three contexts using the three anxiety measures, while confidence is a negative predictor and caring is a positive predictor of anxiety in Slovenia and Spain. Implications for practice within an educational framework for adolescents and youth are discussed, together with public policy recommendations.

Sleep and Awakening Quality during COVID-19 Confinement: Complexity and Relevance for Health and Behavior.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate sleep and awakening quality (SQ and AQ) during COVID-19 in a large and diversified population in order to identify significant associations and risks in terms of demography, health and health-related behaviors, sleep variables, mental health, and attitudes. METHODS/RESULTS: Online surveys were used for data collection, received from 5479 individuals from the general population, sleep disorder patients, and COVID-involved (medical doctors (MDs) and nurses) and COVID-affected professionals (teachers, psychologists, and dentists). SQ and AQ were worse in adults, females, and high-education subjects. Feeling worse, having economic problems, depression, anxiety, irritability, and a high Calamity Experience Check List (CECL) score during COVID were significantly associated with poor SQ and AQ. Shorter sleep duration, increased latency, poor nutrition, low physical activity, increased mobile and social network use, more negative and less positive attitudes and behaviors were associated with poor AQ. CONCLUSIONS: The SQ logistic regression showed gender, morbidities, CECL, and awakenings as relevant, whereas, for AQ, relevant variables further included age and physical activity. Aiming to have a high stress compliance, each individual should sleep well, have important control of their mood, practice positive behaviors while dismissing negative behaviors and attitudes, practice exercise, have adequate nutrition, and beware of technologies and dependences.

Translation, cultural adaptation and validation of the self-efficacy to manage chronic disease 6-item scale for european Portuguese.

OBJECTIVES: Self-efficacy is an important factor in the acquisition of self-management skills in patients with chronic diseases. The present study provides a translation and cultural adaptation for the Portuguese population, as well as psychometric properties, of the Self-Efficacy for Managing Chronic Disease 6-Item Scale. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study. As a first stage, a translation and cultural adaptation were conducted. After preparation, a final version was applied initially to a sample of 30 participants with chronic disease in two phases, with a one-week gap between phases, to assess teste retest reliability. Subsequently, a sample of 217 participants with chronic disease, mean age 42.8 (10.7) years, participated in the study. Participants were supposed to be over the age of 18 and with at least one clinically diagnosed chronic disease. The questionnaire was applied electronically. RESULTS: The results showed a good test retest reliability (ICC of 0.83, 95% CI: 0.65 - 0.92). Internal consistency met the criterion for a reliable measure (global Cronbach's alpha of 0.95). Item-total correlations of all items were above 0.30. A correlation matrix was considered favorable (KMO = 0.90; Bartlett's sphericity test = 1399.090, p < 0.01). The results confirmed the permanence of the 6 items, as in the original scale. CONCLUSIONS: A Self-Efficacy for Managing Chronic Disease 6-Item Scale is a reliable and valid instrument to assess the patients' self-efficacy for managing chronic diseases in Portuguese, enabling its use in clinical practice and in future studies.

Long-Term Self-Regulation Moderates the Role of Internal Resources for Resilience in Positive Youth Development in Portugal.

Positive Youth Development (PYD) presents a strength-based conception of transition to adulthood that has been well-supported by literature to date. However, research is needed to integrate the pathways to PYD and the possible moderators. This study aimed to analyze the relationships between internal resources for resilience and PYD and to examine the moderating role of short-term and long-term self-regulation by gender. To reach this overall aim, a cross-sectional study was performed with a national sample of 2700 youths (73.3% girls; Mage = 21.3, SD = 2.79) from Portugal, who completed self-report measures. Regression-based moderation models were developed. Results indicated that greater presence of internal resources for resilience was related to higher PYD. Long-term self-regulation and gender moderated this relationship, such that a greater effect was observed in men with high levels of long-term self-regulation. These results highlight the need to integrate prevention and promotion paradigms to foster healthy development in youth, as well as the importance of taking self-regulation skills and gender into account in program design.

Community-based Youth Participatory Action Research studies with a focus on youth health and well-being: A systematic review.

On the basis of the systematic literature review, we investigate the characteristics of community-based Youth Participatory Action Research (YPAR) programs with a focus on health and well-being and their recommendations for future programs. The study was based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses diagram. Most included a case study design, mixed or qualitative methodology, interview as data collection, and YPAR youth in data reporting. The sample differs between studies, and most of the work took place in the United States. The stages (raise awareness, capacitation, design, motivation, implementation, evaluation, dissemination, and replication) are evident as a fundamental strategy in these programs.

Dream Teens: Adolescents-Led Participatory Project in Portugal in the Context of the Economic Recession.

This article describes the implementation process of a nationwide project to enhance young people's participation and active citizenship in the context of Portugal's economic recession. This project used an innovative Positive Youth Development approach that engaged Portuguese youth (aged 11-18 years) through social media tools to facilitate their civic engagement and development. Participants from all over the country were empowered (1) to design and conduct research activities on topics of their choice and about their life contexts and (2) to create ways to improve youth civic participation in their communities, while developing supportive interactions with adults and peers. Overall, youth were engaged in their activities, felt their voices were heard, and felt that they were viewed as experts of their own well-being and living contexts. Youth research actions and preliminary findings were then compiled in a set of recommendations that was formally received by a high commissioner of the Ministry of Health. The article concludes with a discussion of the next steps for the project and its limitations so far.

A escola portuguesa pelos olhos dos adolescentes / The Portuguese School Through the Eyes of Adolescents / La Escuela Portuguesa por los Ojos de los Adolescentes

Os jovens que referem gostar da escola apresentam mais comportamentos positivos associados, nomeadamente melhor desempenho académico e mais bem-estar. O presente estudo tem como objetivos:1) compreender a relação existente entre o gosto pela escola e capacidade académica, e; 2)o que os jovens gostariam de mudar nas suas escolas; 3) verificar as variáveis que poderão predizer o gosto pela escola e a capacidade académica percebida; 4) analisar as variáveis relacionadas com a escola nomeadamente a pressão com os trabalhos da escola, problemas com a escola, relação com os colegas da escola e com os professores. Participaram 6026 alunos do 6º 8º e 10º ano de escolaridade que integraram o estudo Health Behaviour in School ­ Aged children (HBSC) em 2014. Os jovens que referem gostar muito da escola são os que não mudariam nada na sua escola e são os que têm mais confiança nos professores. Os alunos referem que as matérias são demasiado extensas, aborrecidas e mesmo inúteis salientando alguns a pressão dos pais para o sucesso escolar. Os resultados apontam para a necessidade de rever as políticas públicas existentes no ensino português sendo crucial intervir nas escolas, junto das famílias, professores e jovens.

Young people who reported to like school have more positive behaviors associated, including better academic performance and more well-being. This study aims to understand 1) the relationship between liking school and academic ability 2) what young people would like to change in their schools, 3) check the variables that may predict liking school and perceived academic ability 4) analyze the variables related to the school including pressure with school work, problems about school, relationship with classmates and teachers. 6026 students from 6th, 8th and 10th grades that integrated the study Health Behaviour in School - Aged children (HBSC) in 2014 participated. Young people that reported to like school very much are those who would not change anything in their school and are the ones who have more trust in teachers. Students report that school subjects are too extensive, too boring and even useless and referred some negative parental overpressure regarding school success. The results suggest the need to review existing policies in Portuguese education system pointing out that it is crucial to intervene in schools, with families, teachers and young people.

Los jóvenes que reportaron que les gusta el colegio tienen comportamientos más positivos asociados, incluyendo un mejor rendimiento académico y un mayor bienestar. Este estudio tiene como objetivo comprender: 1) la relación entre el gusto por la escuela y la capacidad académica; 2) que les gustaría cambiar en sus escuelas; 3) determinar las variables que pueden predecir el gusto por la escuela y la capacidad académica percibida; 4) analizar las variables relacionadas con la escuela, incluyendo la presión con el trabajo escolar, problemas en la escuela, las relaciones con los compañeros y profesores. Participado 6026 alumnos de 6º, 8º y 10º grado que integraron el estudio Health Behaviour in School ­ Aged children (HBSC) em 2014. Los jóvenes que le gustan la escuela son aquellos que no cambiarían nada en su escuela y son aquellos que presentan más confianza en los maestros. Los estudiantes reportan que los materiales son demasiado grandes, aburrido e incluso inútil, algunos subrayan la presión de los padres para el éxito escolar. Os resultados apontam para a necessidade de rever as políticas públicas existentes no ensino português sendo crucial intervir nas escolas, junto das famílias, professores e jovens. Los resultados apuntan la necesidad de revisar las políticas públicas existentes en la enseñanza de portugués siendo crucial intervenir en las escuelas, junto a las familias, los maestros y los jóvenes.

A cluster randomised controlled trial of a staff-training intervention in residential units for people with long-term mental illness in Portugal: the PromQual trial.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess the efficacy of a staff-training intervention to improve service users' engagement in activities and quality of care, by means of a cluster randomised controlled trial. METHOD: All residential units with at least 12-h a day staff support (n = 23) were invited to participate. Quality of care was assessed with the Quality Indicator for Rehabilitative Care (QuIRC) filled online by the unit's manager. Half the units (n = 12) were randomly assigned to continue providing treatment as usual, and half (n = 11) received a staff-training intervention that focused on skills for engaging service users in activities, with trainers working alongside staff to embed this learning in the service. The primary outcome was service users' level of activity (measured with the Time Use Diary), reassessed at 4 and 8 months. Secondary outcomes were the quality of care provided (QuIRC), and service users' quality of life (Manchester Short Assessment of Quality of Life) reassessed at 8 months. Generalized linear mixed effect models were used to assess the difference in outcomes between units in the two trial arms. The trial was registered with Current Controlled Trials (Ref NCT02366117). RESULTS: Knowledge acquired by the staff during the initial workshops increased significantly (p ≤ 0.01). However, the intervention and comparison units did not differ significantly in primary and secondary outcomes at either follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The intervention increased the level of knowledge of staff without leading to an improvement in service users' engagement in activities, quality of life, or quality of care in the units.

Living conditions and quality of care in residential units for people with long-term mental illness in Portugal--a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: As in most European countries, mental health care has shifted from large hospitals to smaller community based settings in Portugal. Our study objectives were to determine: a) the characteristics of users of mental health residential facilities in Portugal; b) the quality of care provided comparing community and hospital units; and c) to investigate associations between quality of care, service and service users' characteristics and experiences of care. METHODS: All longer term mental health units in Portugal providing on-site staffed support for at least 12 h per day were assessed with the Quality Indicator for Rehabilitative Care (QuIRC), a standardised tool completed by the unit manager. The QuIRC rates seven domains of care (Living Environment, Therapeutic Environment, Treatments and Interventions, Self/Management and Autonomy, Recovery Based Practice, Social Inclusion, and Human Rights). A random sample of service users were interviewed using standardised measures of autonomy, experiences of care and quality of life. RESULTS: Most (60 %) of the 42 units were in Lisbon and surrounding districts with 50 % based in the community and 50 % in hospital settings. They had a mean of 11.5 beds. Service users (n = 278) were mainly men (66.2 %), with a diagnosis of schizophrenia (72.7 %), and a mean age of 49.4 years. Community units scored higher than hospital units on the Living Environment, Treatments and Interventions, and Self-Management and Autonomy domains of the QuIRC. Increased service user age was negatively associated with all but one domain. All QuIRC domains were positively associated with service users' autonomy and experiences of care. CONCLUSIONS: Investing in better quality, community based mental health facilities is associated with better outcomes for service users who require longer term support.

Estratégias de auto-regulação em pré-adolescentes e adolescentes: versão portuguesa do TESQ-E / Self-regulatory strategies in pre-adolescents and adolescents: portuguese version of TESQ-E

ResumoA auto-regulação tem um papel fundamental no comportamento alimentar em crianças e adolescentes face às "tentações" do ambiente. O Tempest Self-Regulation Questionnaire for Eating (TESQ-E; www.tempestproject.eu) é um instrumento de medida da auto-regulação transcultural que foi construído, traduzido e adaptado em nove países europeus, no âmbito do Projeto TEMPEST. Este artigo tem como objetivo o estudo da validação da versão Portuguesa do instrumento. Participaram da amostra 1200 pré-adolescentes e adolescentes Portugueses, com média de idades de 12,5 anos (DP=1,61), entre os nove e os 17 anos de idade, 48,3% rapazes, de diferentes níveis de escolaridade 5º ano (16,8%), 6º ano (19,8%), 7º ano (30,8%), 8º ano (17,8%) e 9º ano (14,9%). A versão portuguesa do instrumento demonstrou boas propriedades métricas, e confirmou a estrutura factorial da versão original: três dimensões, que incluem seis estratégias de auto-regulação, duas em cada dimensão. A dimensão mais popular foi a Manutenção de objectivos de alimentação saudável, e a menos popular, Mudança do sentido atribuído às tentações. Conclui-se que o TESQ-E é um instrumento confiável para estimar as estratégias de auto-regulação em crianças e adolescentes. Orientações psicométricas são apresentadas para a população portuguesa entre os nove e os 17 anos.

AbstractSelf-regulation plays a key role in the eating behavior of children and adolescents, while facing the environment "temptations". The Tempest Self-Regulation Questionnaire (TESQ-E; www.tempestproject.eu) is an instrument for measuring cross-cultural self-regulation. It has been constructed, adapted and translated into nine European Countries within the TEMPEST project. This article aims to study the validation of the Portuguese version of the instrument. The sample includes 1200 Portuguese pre-adolescents and adolescents, of average age 12.5 years (SD = 1.61) between nine and 17 years of age, 48.3% boys, from different educational grades: 5th grade (16.8%), 6th grade (19.8%), 7th grade (30.8%), 8th grade (17.8%) and 9th grade (14.9%). The Portuguese version of the instrument demonstrated good psychometric properties and kept the factor structure of the original version: three dimensions, which include six strategies for self -regulation, two in each dimension. The most popular dimension was Maintaining healthy eating objectives, and the less popular Change the meaning of temptation. The study concluded that the TESQ-E is a reliable instrument to estimate the self-regulation strategies in children and adolescents. Psychometric guidelines are presented to the Portuguese population aged nine to 17 years old.

Portuguese adolescents: the importance of parents and peer groups in positive health.

The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of peer groups and parents on adolescents' health. It was examined how communication relationships with peer groups and parents affect youngsters life satisfaction, sadness, irritability, being nervous, fear and troubles in falling asleep. The sample was comprised of individuals that participated in the study in continental Portugal, integrating the European study HBSC - Health Behavior in School - aged Children. The study was made during January 2006 and included a total of 4,877 students attending the 6th, 8th and 10th grades from Portuguese public schools, with an average age of 14 years of age. The instrument used was the HBSC questionnaire. The results showed that adolescents' health is influenced by their relationship with their parents and peers. When the communication with both is easy, youngsters are more satisfied with life and have less health negative symptoms. When compared with peers, parents influence positively the adolescents' health.

Portuguese adolescents: the importance of parents and peer groups in positive health

The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of peer groups and parents on adolescents' health. It was examined how communication relationships with peer groups and parents affect youngsters life satisfaction, sadness, irritability, being nervous, fear and troubles in falling asleep. The sample was comprised of individuals that participated in the study in continental Portugal, integrating the European study HBSC - Health Behavior in School - aged Children. The study was made during January 2006 and included a total of 4,877 students attending the 6th, 8th and 10th grades from Portuguese public schools, with an average age of 14 years of age. The instrument used was the HBSC questionnaire. The results showed that adolescents' health is influenced by their relationship with their parents and peers. When the communication with both is easy, youngsters are more satisfied with life and have less health negative symptoms. When compared with peers, parents influence positively the adolescents' health (AU)

El propósito de este estudio es examinar la influencia de los grupos de iguales y los padres sobre la salud de los adolescentes. Se analizó cómo las relaciones de comunicación con los grupos de iguales y los padres afectan a la satisfacción vital, tristeza, irritabilidad, nerviosismo, miedo y problemas para conciliar el sueño de los jóvenes. La muestra se compone de individuos que participaron en el estudio realizado en Portugal continental, integrado en el estudio europeo HBSC - conductas de los escolares relacionadas con la salud. El estudio se realizó en enero de 2006 e incluyó un total de 4.877 estudiantes que asistían a los grados sexto, octavo y décimo de las escuelas públicas portuguesas, con una edad media de 14 años. El instrumento utilizado fue el cuestionario HBSC. Los resultados mostraron que la salud de los adolescentes está condicionada por su relación con sus padres y compañeros. Cuando la comunicación con los dos es fácil, los jóvenes están más satisfechos con la vida y tienen menos síntomas negativos en la salud. En comparación con sus iguales, los padres influyen positivamente en la salud de los adolescentes (AU)

How can peer group influence the behavior of adolescents: explanatory model.

The current work aims to study both the peer group and family influence on adolescent behaviour. In order to achieve the aforementioned objective, an explanatory model based on the Structural Equations Modelling (SEM) was proposed. The sample used was the group of adolescents that participated in the Portuguese survey of the European study Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC). The Portuguese survey included students from grades 6, 8 and 10 within the public education system, with an average age of 14 years old (SD=1.89). The total sample of the HBSC study carried out in 2006 was 4,877; however with the use of the SEM, 1,238 participants were lost out of the total sample. The results show that peers have a direct influence in adolescents' risk behaviours. The relationship with parents did not demonstrate the expected mediation effect, with the exception of the following elements: relation between type of friends and risk behaviour; and communication with parent and lesser involvement in violence behaviours and increased well-being. The negative influence of the peer group is more connected to the involvement in risk behaviours, whilst the positive influence is more connected with protective behaviours.

Anxiety, depression and coping: CDI, MASC and CRI-Y for screening purposes in schools.

This study used depression (CDI - Kovacs, 1981), anxiety (MASC - March, 1997) and coping strategy (CRI-Y - Moos, 1993) scales and studied the fitness and discriminant validity of reduced versions. The sample consisted of 916 Portuguese pupils, 54.3% feminine, aged 10 to 21 years old. The participants were selected from a set of public schools nation-wide. Two classes were chosen from the 5th to the 12th grades. A set of principal component analyses was carried out in a randomly chosen sample (n = 394) and all the three reduced measures were found to be strongly correlated with the previous. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) using the other part of the sample (n = 522) revealed adjustment indexes suggesting a good fit for both the whole model and gender and age groups separately. All scales revealed a good internal consistency. Globally, girls were more anxious and developed more coping strategies than boys. Older students tended to be less depressed, while younger adolescents present higher scores in depression and anxiety and less coping strategies. Reduced scales are sensitive to gender and age differences and can be used in school settings in order to establish a baseline and roadmaps for both universal and selective mental health school based programs.

Anxiety, Depression and Coping: CDI, MASC and CRI-Y for Screening Purposes in Schools

This study used depression (CDI - Kovacs, 1981), anxiety (MASC - March, 1997) and coping strategy (CRI-Y - Moos, 1993) scales and studied the fitness and discriminant validity of reduced versions. The sample consisted of 916 Portuguese pupils, 54.3% feminine, aged 10 to 21 years old. The participants were selected from a set of public schools nation-wide. Two classes were chosen from the 5th to the 12th grades. A set of principal component analyses was carried out in a randomly chosen sample (n = 394) and all the three reduced measures were found to be strongly correlated with the previous. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) using the other part of the sample (n = 522) revealed adjustment indexes suggesting a good fit for both the whole model and gender and age groups separately. All scales revealed a good internal consistency. Globally, girls were more anxious and developed more coping strategies than boys. Older students tended to be less depressed, while younger adolescents present higher scores in depression and anxiety and less coping strategies. Reduced scales are sensitive to gender and age differences and can be used in school settings in order to establish a baseline and roadmaps for both universal and selective mental health school based programs (AU)

Este estudio utilizó las escalas de depresión (CDI - Kovacs, 1981), ansiedad (MASC - Marzo, 1997) y estrategia de afrontamiento (CRI-Y - Moos, 1993), y estudió el ajuste y la validez discriminante de las versiones reducidas. La muestra consistió en 916 alumnos portugueses, 54,3% mujeres, con edades entre 10 a 21 años de edad. Los participantes fueron seleccionados de un conjunto de escuelas públicas en todo el país. Dos clases fueron seleccionadas entre el 5º y el 12º grado. Una serie de análisis de componentes principales se llevó a cabo en una muestra seleccionada al azar (n = 394) y se encontró una fuerte correlación entre las versiones reducidas y las versiones previas. El análisis factorial confirmatorio (CFA) utilizando la otra parte de la muestra (n = 522) reveló que se sugiere un buen ajuste, tanto para el modelo en su conjunto, así como para el de género y de grupos de edad por separado. Todas las escalas mostraron una buena consistencia interna. Globalmente, las niñas son más ansiosas y desarrollan más estrategias de afrontamiento que los niños. Los estudiantes mayores puntúan menos en depresión, mientras que los adolescentes más jóvenes presentan puntuaciones más altas en depresión y ansiedad y menores puntuaciones en estrategias de afrontamiento. Las escalas reducidas son sensibles a las diferencias de género y edad y se pueden utilizar en el entorno escolar con el fin de establecer una línea base para la prevención universal y selectiva en los programas escolares de salud mental (AU)

A influência da comunicação com a família e grupo de pares no bem-estar e nos comportamentos de risco nos adolescentes Portugueses / The influence of communication with family and peer group on well-being and risky behavior of Portuguese adolescents

O objectivo do presente estudo foi analisar a influência e o impacto dos pais e do grupo de pares nos comportamentos de saúde e risco dos adolescentes portugueses. Para isso, estudou-se o tipo de comunicação que os adolescentes mantêm com os pais e com os pares. A amostra foi constituída pelos sujeitos participantes no estudo realizado em Portugal Continental, que integra o estudo Europeu HBSC-Health Beaviour in School-aged Children. O estudo incluiu um total de 4877 estudantes do 6º, 8º e 10º ano de escolaridade de escolas públicas portuguesas, com média de idades igual a 14 anos. Os resultados revelaram que uma boa comunicação com os pais tem um maior efeito protector sobre os comportamentos de risco do que uma boa comunicação com os amigos. Adolescentes com boa comunicação com os pais e amigos revelaram serem mais felizes e satisfeitos com a vida. Os resultados encontrados salientam a importância da comunicação e do relacionamento positivo com os pais e com os pares simultaneamente.(AU)

The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of parents and peer group on health and risky behaviors of Portuguese adolescents. It was studied the type of communication that adolescents have with their parents and with peers. The sample consisted of subjects who participated in a study performed in Portugal, which incorporates the European HBSC-Health Behavior in School-aged Children study. The study included a total of 4.877 students in 6th, 8th and 10th grades of public school in Portugal, with an average age of 14 years old. The overall results revealed that good communication with parents has a more protective effect on adolescents' risky behavior than good communication with friends. Adolescents with closer and better communication with their parents and friends have also revealed to have a happier and more pleased life. The results highlight the importance of communication and positive relationship simultaneously with parents and peers.(AU)

A influência da comunicação com a família e grupo de pares no bem-estar e nos comportamentos de risco nos adolescentes Portugueses / The influence of communication with family and peer group on well-being and risky behavior of Portuguese adolescents

O objectivo do presente estudo foi analisar a influência e o impacto dos pais e do grupo de pares nos comportamentos de saúde e risco dos adolescentes portugueses. Para isso, estudou-se o tipo de comunicação que os adolescentes mantêm com os pais e com os pares. A amostra foi constituída pelos sujeitos participantes no estudo realizado em Portugal Continental, que integra o estudo Europeu HBSC-Health Beaviour in School-aged Children. O estudo incluiu um total de 4877 estudantes do 6º, 8º e 10º ano de escolaridade de escolas públicas portuguesas, com média de idades igual a 14 anos. Os resultados revelaram que uma boa comunicação com os pais tem um maior efeito protector sobre os comportamentos de risco do que uma boa comunicação com os amigos. Adolescentes com boa comunicação com os pais e amigos revelaram serem mais felizes e satisfeitos com a vida. Os resultados encontrados salientam a importância da comunicação e do relacionamento positivo com os pais e com os pares simultaneamente.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of parents and peer group on health and risky behaviors of Portuguese adolescents. It was studied the type of communication that adolescents have with their parents and with peers. The sample consisted of subjects who participated in a study performed in Portugal, which incorporates the European HBSC-Health Behavior in School-aged Children study. The study included a total of 4.877 students in 6th, 8th and 10th grades of public school in Portugal, with an average age of 14 years old. The overall results revealed that good communication with parents has a more protective effect on adolescents' risky behavior than good communication with friends. Adolescents with closer and better communication with their parents and friends have also revealed to have a happier and more pleased life. The results highlight the importance of communication and positive relationship simultaneously with parents and peers.